Energy-Related Science and Technology Links

Energy-Related Science and Technology Links

Black-Body Radiation
Boltzmann Distribution
Brownian Motion
Curie Engine
"Drinking Bird" Heat Engine
Energy-Related Yahoo Groups
Evaporative Cooling
Harmonic and Anharmonic Oscillators
Heat Transfer
Kelvin's Thunderstorm
Maxwell's Demon
Minto's Wheel
Nanotechnology
Nitinol ("Memory Metal")
Patents: Some Interesting Heat Engines
Radiometer (Crooke's Radiometer)
Science Journals and Magazines
2nd Law Violation Claims
Thermodynamics: 1st and 2nd Laws
Stirling Engines
Thermo-Electric Devices
Turbine and Generators (small)
Vapor Pressure Data

Black-Body Radiation

Blackbody Applet webphysics.davidson.edu/alumni/MiLee/java/bb_mjl.htm
by Mike Lee and Wolfgang Christian

Physics 252: Modern Physics -- Blackbody Radiation www.phys.virginia.edu/CLASSES/252/black_body_radiation.html
by Michael Fowler, University of Virginia

HyperPhysics: Blackbody Radiation hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod6.html
by C. R. Nave, Georgia State University

What is a Blackbody and Infrared Radiation? www.electro-optical.com/bb_rad/bb_rad.htm

Blackbody Radiation Exercises csep10.phys.utk.edu/guidry/java/wien/wien.html

Blackbody Radiation library.wolfram.com/webMathematica/MSP/Explore/Astronomy/Blackbody
by Wolfram Research, using webMathematica

Blackbody Radiation -- History www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm386/rudiment/tourexp/blackbod.htm
by Dan Thomas

Blackbody Radiation and the Photoelectric Effect www.egglescliffe.org.uk/physics/astronomy/blackbody/bbody.html
by G.Pattison

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Boltzmann Distribution

The Energy Distribution Function hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quantum/disfcn.html
Distribution functions for identical particles

Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution www.chem.uidaho.edu/~honors/boltz.html
Kinetic energy distribution

The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution lorax.chem.upenn.edu/Education/MB
A hands-on approach (applet)

Boltzmann Distribution mats.gmd.de/~skaley/pwc/boltzmann/Boltzmann.html
Interactive game

The Boltzmann Distribution uracil.cmc.uab.edu/~harvey/Tutorials/ math/Boltzmann.html
Mathematics tutorial

The Boltzmann Distribution www.npac.syr.edu/users/paulc/lectures/montecarlo/node16.html
Paul Coddington, Syracuse University

Boltzmann Distribution Calculator www.stolaf.edu/people/hansonr/imt/intro/boltz

The Boltzmann Distribution www.usd.edu/~mberry/statmech/boltz
Impact of temperature on the state of the system (slide show)

Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution chem107.chem.tamu.edu/brown/shockpages/Boltzmann.html
Shockwave demo, Texas A&M University, Dept. of Chemistry

Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Function user.mc.net/~buckeroo/MXDF.html
Detailed derivation

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Brownian Motion

Einstein's Explanation of Brownian Motion www.phys.virginia.edu/classes/109N/more_stuff/Applets/brownian/brownian.html
This Java applet is a simple demonstration of Einstein's explanation for Brownian Motion. By Drew Dolgert, Physics Department, University of Virginia.

Brownian Motion www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/gas2D/gas2D.html
Qualitative evidence of the microscopic nature of gases is shown by an effect called Brownian motion. Applet by Fu-Kwun Hwang, Deptartment of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University.

Brownian Motion xanadu.math.utah.edu/java/brownianmotion/1/
In 1827 the English botanist Robert Brown noticed that pollen grains suspended in water jiggled about under the lens of the microscope. Applet by Jim Carlson, Mathematics Department, University of Utah.

Two- and One-Dimentional Brownian Motion www.ms.uky.edu/~mai/java/stat/brmo.html
Applet by Mai Zhou, University of Kentucky's Math Sciences.

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Curie Engine

Magnetocaloric Motor Power: a Thought Experiment www.energyscience.org.uk/notes/rn9705.htm
© Harold Aspden, 1997

American Physical Society release: The Giant Magnetocaloric Effect www.aps.org/BAPSMAR98/vpr/layq5-3.html
.

Curie Effect Heat-Engine Pendulum using Gadolinium lecturedemo.ph.unimelb.edu.au/electricity_magnetism/magnetic_properties_of_matter/curie_point_of_gadonlinium
.

Curie Effect Heat-Engine Wheel members.jcom.home.ne.jp/kobysh/experiment/curie/curie.html
Japanese language. Includes Photographs.

. Gadolinium is accepted to be one of the four ferromagnetic elements, along with iron, cobalt and nickel.

Curie Effect Heat-Engine Wheel www.wundersamessammelsurium.de/Magnetisches/MonsieurCurie/
German language. Includes photographs.

Heat capacity of gadolinium near the Curie temperature Phys. Rev. B 47, 14247 (1993)
by G. Bednarz, D.J.W. Geldart and M.A. White

Wikipedia Encyclopedia: Gadolinium www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium
.

Hyperphysics: Ferromagnetism hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/ferro.html
.

Spectrum Laboratories Fact Sheet www.speclab.com/elements/gadolinium.htm
.

Azom.com fact sheet: Gadolinium www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1131
.

Solution Synthesis of Gadolinium Nanoparticles home.gwu.edu/~wagnerm/Publications/ja0122703.pdf
Jennifer A. Nelson et al, George Washington UniVersity, Washington, DC

Ferrofluid Field Induced Flow www.ornl.gov/engineering_science_technology/roboticsenergetics/ferrofluidinducedflow.htm
Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Characterization ... of Epitaxially Grown Gd www.boulder.nist.gov/div816/publications/pappas/JVAC16A(1998)1348.pdf
.

Is gadolinium ferromagnetic? www.tcd.ie/Physics/Magnetism/newmaterials.html
Trinity College, Dublin

... unusual surface magnetic behavior in gadolinium www.als.lbl.gov/als/science/sci_archive/sppd.html
.

Phase Transitions webphysics.iupui.edu/251/251Sp97GFApr28.html
Web Physics

Periodic Table: Gadolinium pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/elements/64.html
History, Sources, Isotopes, Properties, Uses, Costs

Curie Temperature www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie_temperature
Wikipedia Encyclopedia

Monel metals have curie points between 25 C and 100 C American Journal of Physics 37(3),334
.

Curie Engine American Journal of Physics 58(6),545
A gadolinium strip forming the rim of a plexiglass wheel is heated and cooled on opposite sides of a magnetic field, and a weight is lifted by the resulting rotation.

Adiabatic Demagnetization Meiners 32-5.1
The temperature of a piece of gadolinium is measured with a thermocouple while it is between the poles of an electromagnet.

"Wherefore Gadolinium: Magnetism of the Rare Earths" www.geo.umn.edu/orgs/irm/quarterly/irmq10-3.pdf
The Institute of Rock magentism Quarterly 2000 Vol. No. 3

Magnetocaloric & Pyromagnetic Effects www.keelynet.com/interact/Arc_1_98-7_98/00001989.htm
Keelynet thread

Magnetic refrigerator successfully tested www.eurekalert.org/features/doe/2001-11/dl-mrs062802.php
Ames Laboratory develoments help push boundaries of new refrigeration technology

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"Drinking Bird" Heat Engine

Drinking Bird en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_Bird
Wikipedia

vintage drinking bird drinking www.YouTube.com/watch?v=Yk71GY02diY
YouTube video of the common Drinking Bird novelty toy.

Daniel Reynold's giant Drinking Birds www.DrinkingBirds.com
Flock of 15 functional Drinking Birds, 6.5 feet tall!

Drinking Birds www.YouTube.com/watch?v=gZ-zeRCUicw
YouTube video of some of Daniel Reynold's giant Drinking Birds in action.

A dunking bird of the second kind scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=AJPIAS000072000006000782000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes>
American Journal of Physics June 2004, 72(6), pp. 782-785
N. Abraham and P. Palffy-Muhoray
Abstract: The conventional dunking bird is a heat engine that relies on the temperature difference between the head and the tail of the bird for its operation. We describe a new type of dunking bird that is not a heat engine, but one that directly uses the chemical potential difference between liquid water and its vapor.

Heat Engine: Drinking Bird bednorzmuller87.phys.cmu.edu/demonstrations/thermodynamics/heatengines/demo531.html
Carnegie Mellon Department of Physics

How does a Dippy Bird work? www.howstuffworks.com/question608.htm
Marshall Brain's HowStuffWorks

The Drinking Bird genchem.chem.wisc.edu/demonstrations/Gen_Chem_Pages/10liquidsnsolidpage/the_drinking_bird.htm
General Chemistry Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison

The Amazing Drinking Bird www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A640865
British Broadcasting Corporation

The Happy Drinking Bird www.backstreet.demon.co.uk/oddstuff/drinkingbirds/drinkingbirds.htm

The Funny Drinking Bird www.hk-phy.org/iq/drinking_bird/drinking_bird_e.html
Physics World Q & A column

Drinking Bird References www.sfu.ca/physics/ugrad/courses/teaching_resources/demoindex/thermal/th4c/birdref.html
Simon Fraser University

The Drinking Happy Bird (Dippy Bird)
Thermodynamics for the entropically challenged... nicholnl.wcp.muohio.edu/DingosBreakfastClub/DippyBird/DrinkingBird1.html
Dingo's Breakfast Club

Edmund Scientific www.scientificsonline.com/Products/DisplayProduct.cfm?productid=953
Amazing Drinking Bird - Package of 2, $7.95

The Anatomy and Habits of a Dippy Bird www.stillmoving.ca/physics/usenetFAQ.php?mode=1&faqID=20
The StillMoving Universe: Physics for the Layperson

The Anatomy and Habits of a Dippy Bird www.stillmoving.ca/physics/faq/General/dippy_bird.html
The StillMoving Universe: Physics for the Layperson, by Blair P. Houghton, 1992. good basic explanation, with references.

The Dipping Bird www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/dippingbird/
Exploratorium Staff

What is a Dippy Bird, and How is it Used? nicholnl.wcp.muohio.edu/DingosBreakfastClub/DippyBird/DrinkingBirdFizzicks.html
by Blair P. Houghton. Very detailed explanation, with references.

Drinking Bird fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us/~tbardin/html/bird.html
From "Explain Physics in Toys" by Tsing Bardin.

The Alaskan Science Forum: the Dunking Bird www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF8/854.html
by Dr. Sue Ann Bowling, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks

Perpetuum mobile home.t-online.de/home/ostrach-glas/perpet.htm
German language site.

Liebesthermometer (Love Thermometer) www.wundersamessammelsurium.de/ Warmes/Liebesthermometer/
German language, interesting graphics, Minto Wheels, and Drinking Birds.

Pair-Condensate Renewable Energy Sources vortex.viptop.ru/win/eLink3.html
Russian text with links and references in English.

Simple solar powered heat engine www.scitoys.com/scitoys/scitoys/thermo/solar_bird/bird.html
Light-powered Drinking Bird!

Giant Drinking Bird Power www.halfbakery.com/idea/Giant_20Drinking_20Bird_20Power
by halfbakery.com. In search of the giant Drinking Bird!

List of Drinking Bird References www.borderschess.org/dbreferences.htm
Compiled from various web sites

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Energy-Related Yahoo Groups

Free_Energy Yahoo Group groups.yahoo.com/group/Free_Energy/
Skeptical forum for perpetual motion/over-unity and paranormal topics.

Maxwells_Demon Yahoo Group groups.yahoo.com/group/Maxwells_Demon/
Proposals for violation of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics.

MintoWheel Yahoo Group groups.yahoo.com/group/MintoWheel/
Proposals for implementation of Minto Wheel/Drinking Bird and related heat engines.

HotAirEngineSociety Yahoo Group groups.yahoo.com/group/HotAirEngineSociety/
Promoting the design of practical robust Hot Air Engines with a low technology flavor.

All-Energy Yahoo Group groups.yahoo.com/group/All-Energy/
Free discussion of all energy-related topics.

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Evaporative Cooling

Mohammed Bah Abba's Pot-in-pot invention: Low-Tech Refrigerator hinterlands.cc/index.php?showtopic=30
by Hinterlands.cc. Low-cost, low-tech evaporative refrigerator (could serve as cold source for heat engines). Works best at low humidity.

Wet and Dry Bulb members.nuvox.net/~on.jwclymer/wet.html
by Jeffrey Clymer. Wet-bulb temperature calculator.

Vapor Application Concepts hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/vappre.html#c5
by Hyperphysics.com. Detailed explanations of vapor pressure, evaporation, and boiling.

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Harmonic and Anharmonic Oscillators

Coupled Harmonic Oscillators www.mapleapps.com/categories/mathematics/desolving/html/coupl1.html
Mathemaical description by Waterloo Maple Inc.

Coupled Harmonic Oscillators home.steuber.com/sarah/Java/CHO/CHO.html
Animation applet by Sarah J. Steuber, Steuber Web Services

Coupled Oscillators - Masses on Springs www3.ltu.edu/~s_schneider/physlets/main/coupledosc.shtml
Animation applet by Dr. Scott Schneider, Lawrence Technological University

Oscillators and Waves electron4.phys.utk.edu/141/nov26/November%2026.htm
Notes by Professor Marianne Breinig, University of Tennessee

What are Vibrational Modes Anyways? astro.uwaterloo.ca/~ssseahra/physics/vibrate/vibrate2.html
Notes by Professor Sanjeev Seahra, University of Waterloo

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Heat Transfer

A Heat Transfer Textbook, 3rd edition web.mit.edu/lienhard/www/download-ahtt.shtml
Copyright © 2000-2004 by John H. Lienhard IV and John H. Lienhard V. Free download of the entire textbook.

One-way Street Planned for Heat www.nature.com/nsu/020304/020304-2.html
Summary from Nature web site: Physicists design material that conducts one way and insulates the other.

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Kelvin's Thunderstorm

Kelvin water dropper en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin%27s_thunderstorm
Wikipedia

Kelvin's Thunderstorm amasci.com/emotor/kelvin.html
amasci.com/emotor/ikelv.html
Bill Beaty, 1995

Kelvin's Thunderstorm www.SparkMuseum.com/STATIC_MISC.HTM
Spark Museum

Kelvin's Thunderstorm! Create Lightning Inside Your House! www.MetaCafe.com/watch/795790/kelvins_thunderstorm_create_lightning_inside_your_house/
label

Inline Kelvin's Thunderstorm device carnot.physics.buffalo.edu/archives/1996/08_1996/msg00027.html
William J. Beaty

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Maxwell's Demon

Maxwell's Demon www.auburn.edu/~smith01/notes/maxdem.htm
An imaginary creature that the mathematician James Clerk Maxwell created to contradict the second law of thermodynamics.

Physics News Update Number 461: Maxwell's Demon Made of Sand www.aip.org/enews/physnews/1999/split/pnu461-2.htm
American Institute of Physics Bulletin, December 10, 1999.

Maxwell's Demon Animation ajs.net/maxwell.htm
Try to separate the fast and slow molecules to make one side of the room warmer than the other

Maxwellian Demon www.maxwellian.demon.co.uk
"A new site that will be focusing on the interface between physics and information theory."

Maxwell, James (1831-1879) scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Maxwell.html
Biography provided by Wolfram Research.

New Approaches in Mathematical Biology: Information Theory and Molecular Machines www.lecb.ncifcrf.gov/~toms/paper/trieste1996/latex/paper.html
by Thomas D. Schneider, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Laboratory of Mathematical Biology, Frederick, MD

Is Information Physical? - Maxwell's Demon and Szilard`s Engine www.pha.jhu.edu/~xerver/seminar2/node3.html
by Yousin Park, John Hopkins University, 1998.

Maxwell's Demon and the Thermodynamics of Computation philsci-archive.pitt.edu/documents/disk0/00/00/02/30/
by Jeffrey Bub, Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, 2000.

Sequence Logos, Machine/Channel Capacity, Maxwell's Demon, and Molecular Computers: A Review of the Theory of Molecular Machines www.lecb.ncifcrf.gov/~toms/paper/nano2/latex/index.html
by Thomas D. Schneider, Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biology, National Institute of Health, Maryland, 2000.

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Minto's Wheel

Minto Wheel en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minto_wheel
Wikipedia

Helios Project www.YouTube.com/watch?v=-fUlKBH1sY8
YouTube video of Mark Chandler's prototype heat engine -- an independently developed version of the Minto Wheel.

Helios Project, continued www.YouTube.com/watch?v=bs_OtCsDJoY
YouTube video of Mark Chandler's latest prototype.

Details for the Minto Wonder Wheel www.keelynet.com/minto/minto2.htm
by Wallace Minto (archived on KeelyNet)

The Temperature Web of Wally Minto geoffreyegel.tripod.com/tempw.htm
Front cover of Wallace Minto's booklet?

Wally Minto's Wonder Wheel www.amasci.com/freenrg/minto.html
by E. F. Lindsley, Popular Science, March 1976

Is this the "breakthrough" solar engine we've all been looking for? www.motherearthnews.com/menarch/archive/issues/038/038-096-01.htm
Mother Earth, March/April 1976, No. 38. Basic explanation of Minto Wheel.

The Mother Earth News Issue 38, March 1976, and Issue 39, May 1976 my.voyager.net/~jrrandall/MintoWheel.html
Mother Earth magazine builds and tests a 22 foot Minto Wheel!

Minto Wheel Calculations MintoWheelCalculationUpdate.pdf
by Terry Tharp. Analysis of heat transfer in the original Minto Wheel design.

Wheel Physics 201 tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/MintoWheel/files/Calculations/
by Mark Chandler. Insightful analysis of the Minto Wheel heat engine. To download this Microsoft WORD document, click on "Wheel physics 201.doc" towards the bottom of the list

Studies of the Minto Engine for Solar Energy Conversion www.chem.uwa.edu.au/research/groups/TerryQuickenden/kgt.html
by Kean Guan Teoh, University of Western Australia

Randy's Kits and Plans www.bright.net/~burmeis/
"Engineering project plans and kits"

Solar Ferris Wheel and Rocker Toy http://www.genuineideas.com/hall_of_inventions/Inventions_to_license/Solar_Ferris_Wheel/solar_ferris_wheel.html
by Greg Blonder

Alternative Energy Production For Suburban Houses www.researchpb.com/energygen.htm
by ResearchPB, Inc., San Diego, CA

Alternative Energy for Generating Electricity www.geocities.com/vikrantsuri3/projreport.html
by Vikrant Suri, Chandigarh, India

Project Kits & Model Plans Home Page
www.watchtv.net/~rburmeister/Randys%20Mintos%20Wheel.html
by Randy Burmeister. Working model advertised for sale, but is it still available?

Wonder Wheel www.bagelhole.org/article.php/Energy/269/%20
by Bagelhole.com. Basic info

Alternative Energy for Generating Electricity www.geocities.com/vikrantsuri3/projreport.html
by Vikrant Suri, Chandigarh, India. Drinking-Bird type heat engine. Very long description is very long (skip to the last few image files to see device).

Energy , Energy , Energy , Energy , Energy www.greenspun.com/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg.tcl?msg_id=004Dr9
by Vikrant Suri, Chandigarh, India. Shorter description.

Wally Minto Wonder Wheel www.fieldlines.com/story/2004/1/16/162517/492
Otherpower.com Discussion Board. Negative comments.

Re: Mentos Wheel www.scienceagogo.com/message_board/messages/6522.shtml
by Mike Kremer. Short description of basic principle. His spelling mistake.

Sulltek Earthship www.sulltek.com/earthship/systems.html
(not reviewed)

Liebesthermometer (Love Thermometer) www.wundersamessammelsurium.de/ Warmes/Liebesthermometer/
German language, interesting graphics, Minto Wheels, and Drinking Birds

Calculation of the Maximum Practical Height for a Minto Wheel or Drinking Bird www.borderschess.org/heightcalc.htm
by Leo Cabana. A predictive equation derived from simple physics.

Calculation of the Maximum Practical Height for a Minto Wheel or Drinking Bird www.borderschess.org/heightcalc2.htm
by Leo Cabana. Force-Based Calculation

More on Calculation of Maximum Minto Wheel/ Drinking Bird Heights www.borderschess.org/moreheightcalc.htm
by Leo Cabana. More on the specific predictions of this model.

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Nanotechnology

smalltimes www.smalltimes.com
"big news in small tech"

Nanotechnology Now nanotech-now.com
"Nanotechnology Portal, with basics, news, and information"

Nanodot www.foresight.org/nanodot/
.

NanoScout ww.nanoscout.de
.

nanotechweb.org www.nanotechweb.org
.

EurekaAlert! Nanotechnology Portal www.eurekalert.org/context.php?context=nano
.

New Scientist: Nanotechnolgy Report www.newscientist.com/channel/mech-tech/nanotechnology
.

Technology Review: Nanotechnolgy www.technologyreview.com/topics/nan.asp
.

Scientific American: Nanotechnology www.sciam.com/nanotech/
.

American Chemical Society: News www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/newscenter.html
.

National Nanothechnology Initiative www.nano.gov
.

National Science Foundation: News www.nsf.gov/news/
.

Argonne National Lab www.techtransfer.anl.gov/techtour/nanomagnetism.html
.

Sandia National Lab www.sandia.gov/mission/index.html
.

NASA: Nanotechnology News search.nasa.gov/nasasearch/search/search.jsp?nasaInclude=nanotechnology
.

Deptartment of Energy: Basic Energy Science www.er.doe.gov/production/bes/NNI.htm
.

National Institute of Standards and Technolgy www.nist.gov/public_affairs/nanotech.htm
.

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Nitinol ("Memory Metal")

NDC Nitinol Devices and Components www.nitinol.com
"NDC is a leading supplier of Nitinol materials (wire, tube, sheet, strip, and bar) and components to the medical and commercial industries worldwide."

NiTi Smart Sheets www.sma-inc.com/information.html
"NiTi Smart Sheets(sm) are short, technical briefs explaining various aspects of NiTi materials and their applications."

Basics: the Shape Memory Effect www.memory-metalle.de/basics.html
Memory-Metalle GmbH, Weil am Rhein, Germany

Nitinol - Shaped Memory Alloy http://www.imagesco.com/articles/nitinol/01.html
Images SI Inc., Staten Island, New York

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Patents: Some Interesting Heat Engines

U.S. Patent Office www.uspto.gov
Enter the patent number to obtain the full patent reports at no cost.

US3750393: PRIME MOVER SYSTEM www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03750393__
Minto, Wallace L.; Sarasota, FL 33577; Keller, Leonard J.; Sarasota, FL 33580

US4134264: Double bubble wheel engine www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04134264__
Baer, Stephen C.; Corrales, NM 87048

US4195481: Power plant www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04195481__
Gregory, Alvin L.; Sacramento, CA 95819

US3901033: Vapor pressurized hydrostatic drive www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03901033__
McAlister, Roy E.; Phoenix, AZ 85108

US3636706: HEAT-TO-POWER CONVERSION METHOD AND APPARATUS www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03636706__
Minto, Wallace L.; Sarasota, FL; Kinetics Corporation, Sarasota, FL

US3608311: ENGINE www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03608311__
JOHN F. ROESEL JR.

US4291755: Method and apparatus for accumulating, storing and releasing thermal energy www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04291755__
Minto, Wallace L.; Sun Power Systems Inc., Sarasota, FL

US4403643: Method and apparatus for accumulating, storing and releasing thermal energy www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04403643__
Minto, Wallace L.; Sun Power Systems Inc., Sarasota, FL

Neat Patents www.redrok.com/neat.htm
Mentions many interesting energy-related technologies.

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Radiometer (Crooke's Radiometer)

London Science Museum www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/treasure/objects/1920-410.asp
The radiometer was devised by William Crookes in 1875.

Radiometer lecture.lite.msu.edu/~mmp/kap24/Radiometer.htm
The radiometer is a popular physics toy.

Howstuffworks www.howstuffworks.com/question239.htm
"How does a crookes's radiometer work?"

Radiometer www.physics.isu.edu/physdemos/thermo/radiomtr.html
Short explanation of a Crooke's radiometer works.

Edmund Scientifics www.scientificsonline.com/Products/DisplayProduct.cfm?productid=1484
Plain Glass Radiometer: stock number CR30600-82, price $8.95. "A wonderful introduction to the study of thermodynamics."

Sundance Solar store.sundancesolar.com/solrad.html
Solar Radiometer: stock number 500-10051-00, price $9.95

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Science Journals and Magazines

EurekAlert www.eurekalert.org
the latest science, medicine, and technology news

American Institute of Physics www.aip.org
.

Nature www.nature.com

Science www.sciencemag.org
highlights from the journal

New Scientist www.newscientist.com

Scientific American www.sciam.com
online supplement to the magazine

Popular Science www.popsci.com
online supplement to the magazine

Discover www.discover.com

Science Daily www.sciencedaily.com
daily round-up of science research news

Science News www.sciencenews.org
online supplement to the weekly newsletter

Science Now www.sciencenow.org
online supplement to the journal Science

ScienceWeek scienceweek.com
"a weekly email digest of the news of science"

WIRED News www.wired.com/wired
online supplement to the magazine WIRED

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2nd Law Violation Claims

Beads of Doubt news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_2135000/2135779.stm
Summary from BBC web site: "One of the most important principles of physics, that disorder, or entropy, always increases, has been shown to be untrue."

Second Law Broken www.nature.com/nsu/020722/020722-2.html
Nature magazine science update

Realization of Maxwell's Hypothesis: an Experiment against the Second Law of Thermodynamics arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0311/0311104.pdf
by X. Y. Fu and D. T. Fu, Shanghai, China, November 2003. Rectification of thermal electrons.

Extraction of Work from a Single Heat Bath arxiv.org/PS_cache/physics/pdf/0412/0412012.pdf
by A. A. Khan and M. S. Ansari, Islamabad, Pakistan, December 2004. "Diffusion engine" type device.

Another Way to Realize Maxwell's Demon arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0509/0509111.pdf
by X. Y. Fu and D. T. Fu, Shanghai, China, September 2005. More on Fu's approach to rectification of thermal electrons.

Rectification of Johnson Noise aemcomp.googlepages.com/science

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Stirling Engines

American Stirling Company www.stirlingengine.com
"Beautiful Stirling engines and kits"

"RotaColaSola, a Rotary Fluidyne Stirling Engine" www.rotarystirlingengines.com/rotacola.htm
RotaryStirlingEngines.com. Similar to a minto Wheel, but relies on gas expansion/contraction instead of liquid evaporation/condensation.

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Thermodynamics: 1st and 2nd Laws

First law of thermodynamics en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics
Wikipedia

Second law of thermodynamics en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_law_of_thermodynamics#Microscopic_systems
Wikipedia

Second Law of Thermodynamics HyperPhysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/seclaw.html
HyperPhysics

Entropy en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy
Wikipedia

Chapter 17: Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy chem.nthu.edu.tw/faculty/sdhuang/Chapter/Chapter_17.ppt
General Chemistry 4th Ed., Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, and Perry (2.2 MB Powerpoint document)

All About Entropy, the Laws of Thermodynamics, and Order from Disorder EntropyLaw.com

Second Law: Thermodynamics - Law Of Increased Entropy www.AllAboutScience.org/second-law-of-thermodynamics.htm
All About Science

The First and Second Law users.durge.org/~edwin/songs/firstandsecond.html
Lyrics from the Flanders' and Swann's famous song about the 1st and 2nd laws.

[back to index]

Thermo-Electric Devices

Power Chips www.powerchips.gi

Cool Chips www.coolchips.gi

[back to index]

Turbines and Generators (small)

Hydroelectric Miniturbines savoiapower.8k.com/mhydro.html
by SavoiaPower.com. Output of smallest model is 800 W.

Micro Hydro Turbines www.ette.no/hydro/micrhtur.htm
Gunnar Ettestøl, ETTE Elektro, Environmental Turbine Technology development program, Vegårshei, Norway.

ES&D LH1000 Ultra-Low Head Turbine http://www.absak.com/catalog/product_info.php/cPath/33_89_91/products_id/705
ABS Alaskan, Inc. and Anchorage subsidiary, Alaska Battery Mfg. Generate 200 W from just a 2 foot drop.

The Stream Engine, LH1000 www.microhydropower.com
by Energy Systems & Design. Operates on 6-10 foot drop.

Flow Switch 100 Series www.proteusind.com/100/100_flow1.html
Proteus Industries Inc., Mountain View, California. Functions as a flow rate monitor by generating electric current.

Electrical Generator - AC or DC www.sciencejoywagon.com/physicszone/lesson/otherpub/wfendt/generatorengl.htm
by Walter Fendt, 1998. Interactive simulator.

Hand Crank Electrical Generator http://scientificsonline.com/product.asp_Q_pn_E_3038029
Edmund Scientifics. 3-watt DC manual generator in a clear plastic case.

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Vapor Pressure Data

The variation of boiling point with pressure www.ch.cam.ac.uk/magnus/boil.html
Boiling point vs pressure calculator. J. M. Goodman, P. D. Kirby, and L. O. Haustedt; Tetrahedron Letters 2000, 41, 9879-9882.

Vapor Pressure www.pump.net/liquiddata/vaporpressure.htm
by Pump.net. Excellent collection of vapor pressure vs temperature data for various liquids.

Vapor Pressure Curves for the Elements www.veeco.com/learning/learning_vaporelements.asp
by Veeco Instruments. vapor pressure vs temperature data for the less volatile elements (solids at room temperature).

Temperature Pressure Chart for CFCs www.washerspecialties.com/Pressure%20Chart.htm
by WasherSpecialties.com. Vapor pressure vs temperature data for CFCs, HFCs, and HCFCs.

Vapor Pressure Charts www.atofinaopticoat.com/fluorochem/pdf/ELF-VPC.pdf
by Atofina / Forane Refrigerants. Vapor pressure vs temperature data for various freons, including Freon 134a.

Dichloromethane
Vapor Pressure vs Temperature www.BordersChess.org/dichloromethane.pdf
Data compiled by Leo Cabana

Freon-R11
Vapor Pressure vs Temperature www.BordersChess.org/r11.pdf
Data compiled by Leo Cabana

Freon-R12
Pressure vs Temperature www.BordersChess.org/r12.pdf
Data compiled by Leo Cabana

[back to index]

www.BordersChess.org/energy.htm modified 2007.09.10

Blackbody Applet	webphysics.davidson.edu/alumni/MiLee/java/bb_mjl.htm by Mike Lee and Wolfgang Christian
Physics 252: Modern Physics -- Blackbody Radiation	www.phys.virginia.edu/CLASSES/252/black_body_radiation.html by Michael Fowler, University of Virginia
HyperPhysics: Blackbody Radiation	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod6.html by C. R. Nave, Georgia State University
What is a Blackbody and Infrared Radiation?	www.electro-optical.com/bb_rad/bb_rad.htm
Blackbody Radiation Exercises	csep10.phys.utk.edu/guidry/java/wien/wien.html
Blackbody Radiation	library.wolfram.com/webMathematica/MSP/Explore/Astronomy/Blackbody by Wolfram Research, using webMathematica
Blackbody Radiation -- History	www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm386/rudiment/tourexp/blackbod.htm by Dan Thomas
Blackbody Radiation and the Photoelectric Effect	www.egglescliffe.org.uk/physics/astronomy/blackbody/bbody.html by G.Pattison

The Energy Distribution Function	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quantum/disfcn.html Distribution functions for identical particles
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution	www.chem.uidaho.edu/~honors/boltz.html Kinetic energy distribution
The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution	lorax.chem.upenn.edu/Education/MB A hands-on approach (applet)
Boltzmann Distribution	mats.gmd.de/~skaley/pwc/boltzmann/Boltzmann.html Interactive game
The Boltzmann Distribution	uracil.cmc.uab.edu/~harvey/Tutorials/ math/Boltzmann.html Mathematics tutorial
The Boltzmann Distribution	www.npac.syr.edu/users/paulc/lectures/montecarlo/node16.html Paul Coddington, Syracuse University
Boltzmann Distribution Calculator	www.stolaf.edu/people/hansonr/imt/intro/boltz
The Boltzmann Distribution	www.usd.edu/~mberry/statmech/boltz Impact of temperature on the state of the system (slide show)
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution	chem107.chem.tamu.edu/brown/shockpages/Boltzmann.html Shockwave demo, Texas A&M University, Dept. of Chemistry
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Function	user.mc.net/~buckeroo/MXDF.html Detailed derivation

Einstein's Explanation of Brownian Motion	www.phys.virginia.edu/classes/109N/more_stuff/Applets/brownian/brownian.html This Java applet is a simple demonstration of Einstein's explanation for Brownian Motion. By Drew Dolgert, Physics Department, University of Virginia.
Brownian Motion	www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/gas2D/gas2D.html Qualitative evidence of the microscopic nature of gases is shown by an effect called Brownian motion. Applet by Fu-Kwun Hwang, Deptartment of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University.
Brownian Motion	xanadu.math.utah.edu/java/brownianmotion/1/ In 1827 the English botanist Robert Brown noticed that pollen grains suspended in water jiggled about under the lens of the microscope. Applet by Jim Carlson, Mathematics Department, University of Utah.
Two- and One-Dimentional Brownian Motion	www.ms.uky.edu/~mai/java/stat/brmo.html Applet by Mai Zhou, University of Kentucky's Math Sciences.

Magnetocaloric Motor Power: a Thought Experiment	www.energyscience.org.uk/notes/rn9705.htm © Harold Aspden, 1997
American Physical Society release: The Giant Magnetocaloric Effect	www.aps.org/BAPSMAR98/vpr/layq5-3.html .
Curie Effect Heat-Engine Pendulum using Gadolinium	lecturedemo.ph.unimelb.edu.au/electricity_magnetism/magnetic_properties_of_matter/curie_point_of_gadonlinium .
Curie Effect Heat-Engine Wheel	members.jcom.home.ne.jp/kobysh/experiment/curie/curie.html Japanese language. Includes Photographs.
.	Gadolinium is accepted to be one of the four ferromagnetic elements, along with iron, cobalt and nickel.
Curie Effect Heat-Engine Wheel	www.wundersamessammelsurium.de/Magnetisches/MonsieurCurie/ German language. Includes photographs.
Heat capacity of gadolinium near the Curie temperature	Phys. Rev. B 47, 14247 (1993) by G. Bednarz, D.J.W. Geldart and M.A. White
Wikipedia Encyclopedia: Gadolinium	www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium .
Hyperphysics: Ferromagnetism	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/ferro.html .
Spectrum Laboratories Fact Sheet	www.speclab.com/elements/gadolinium.htm .
Azom.com fact sheet: Gadolinium	www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1131 .
Solution Synthesis of Gadolinium Nanoparticles	home.gwu.edu/~wagnerm/Publications/ja0122703.pdf Jennifer A. Nelson et al, George Washington UniVersity, Washington, DC
Ferrofluid Field Induced Flow	www.ornl.gov/engineering_science_technology/roboticsenergetics/ferrofluidinducedflow.htm Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Characterization ... of Epitaxially Grown Gd	www.boulder.nist.gov/div816/publications/pappas/JVAC16A(1998)1348.pdf .
Is gadolinium ferromagnetic?	www.tcd.ie/Physics/Magnetism/newmaterials.html Trinity College, Dublin
... unusual surface magnetic behavior in gadolinium	www.als.lbl.gov/als/science/sci_archive/sppd.html .
Phase Transitions	webphysics.iupui.edu/251/251Sp97GFApr28.html Web Physics
Periodic Table: Gadolinium	pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/elements/64.html History, Sources, Isotopes, Properties, Uses, Costs
Curie Temperature	www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie_temperature Wikipedia Encyclopedia
Monel metals have curie points between 25 C and 100 C	American Journal of Physics 37(3),334 .
Curie Engine	American Journal of Physics 58(6),545 A gadolinium strip forming the rim of a plexiglass wheel is heated and cooled on opposite sides of a magnetic field, and a weight is lifted by the resulting rotation.
Adiabatic Demagnetization	Meiners 32-5.1 The temperature of a piece of gadolinium is measured with a thermocouple while it is between the poles of an electromagnet.
"Wherefore Gadolinium: Magnetism of the Rare Earths"	www.geo.umn.edu/orgs/irm/quarterly/irmq10-3.pdf The Institute of Rock magentism Quarterly 2000 Vol. No. 3
Magnetocaloric & Pyromagnetic Effects	www.keelynet.com/interact/Arc_1_98-7_98/00001989.htm Keelynet thread
Magnetic refrigerator successfully tested	www.eurekalert.org/features/doe/2001-11/dl-mrs062802.php Ames Laboratory develoments help push boundaries of new refrigeration technology

Drinking Bird	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_Bird Wikipedia
vintage drinking bird drinking	www.YouTube.com/watch?v=Yk71GY02diY YouTube video of the common Drinking Bird novelty toy.
Daniel Reynold's giant Drinking Birds	www.DrinkingBirds.com Flock of 15 functional Drinking Birds, 6.5 feet tall!
Drinking Birds	www.YouTube.com/watch?v=gZ-zeRCUicw YouTube video of some of Daniel Reynold's giant Drinking Birds in action.
A dunking bird of the second kind	scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=AJPIAS000072000006000782000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes> American Journal of Physics June 2004, 72(6), pp. 782-785 N. Abraham and P. Palffy-Muhoray Abstract: The conventional dunking bird is a heat engine that relies on the temperature difference between the head and the tail of the bird for its operation. We describe a new type of dunking bird that is not a heat engine, but one that directly uses the chemical potential difference between liquid water and its vapor.
Heat Engine: Drinking Bird	bednorzmuller87.phys.cmu.edu/demonstrations/thermodynamics/heatengines/demo531.html Carnegie Mellon Department of Physics
How does a Dippy Bird work?	www.howstuffworks.com/question608.htm Marshall Brain's HowStuffWorks
The Drinking Bird	genchem.chem.wisc.edu/demonstrations/Gen_Chem_Pages/10liquidsnsolidpage/the_drinking_bird.htm General Chemistry Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison
The Amazing Drinking Bird	www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A640865 British Broadcasting Corporation
The Happy Drinking Bird	www.backstreet.demon.co.uk/oddstuff/drinkingbirds/drinkingbirds.htm
The Funny Drinking Bird	www.hk-phy.org/iq/drinking_bird/drinking_bird_e.html Physics World Q & A column
Drinking Bird References	www.sfu.ca/physics/ugrad/courses/teaching_resources/demoindex/thermal/th4c/birdref.html Simon Fraser University
The Drinking Happy Bird (Dippy Bird) Thermodynamics for the entropically challenged...	nicholnl.wcp.muohio.edu/DingosBreakfastClub/DippyBird/DrinkingBird1.html Dingo's Breakfast Club
Edmund Scientific	www.scientificsonline.com/Products/DisplayProduct.cfm?productid=953 Amazing Drinking Bird - Package of 2, $7.95
The Anatomy and Habits of a Dippy Bird	www.stillmoving.ca/physics/usenetFAQ.php?mode=1&faqID=20 The StillMoving Universe: Physics for the Layperson
The Anatomy and Habits of a Dippy Bird	www.stillmoving.ca/physics/faq/General/dippy_bird.html The StillMoving Universe: Physics for the Layperson, by Blair P. Houghton, 1992. good basic explanation, with references.
The Dipping Bird	www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/dippingbird/ Exploratorium Staff
What is a Dippy Bird, and How is it Used?	nicholnl.wcp.muohio.edu/DingosBreakfastClub/DippyBird/DrinkingBirdFizzicks.html by Blair P. Houghton. Very detailed explanation, with references.
Drinking Bird	fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us/~tbardin/html/bird.html From "Explain Physics in Toys" by Tsing Bardin.
The Alaskan Science Forum: the Dunking Bird	www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF8/854.html by Dr. Sue Ann Bowling, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks
Perpetuum mobile	home.t-online.de/home/ostrach-glas/perpet.htm German language site.
Liebesthermometer (Love Thermometer)	www.wundersamessammelsurium.de/ Warmes/Liebesthermometer/ German language, interesting graphics, Minto Wheels, and Drinking Birds.
Pair-Condensate Renewable Energy Sources	vortex.viptop.ru/win/eLink3.html Russian text with links and references in English.
Simple solar powered heat engine	www.scitoys.com/scitoys/scitoys/thermo/solar_bird/bird.html Light-powered Drinking Bird!
Giant Drinking Bird Power	www.halfbakery.com/idea/Giant_20Drinking_20Bird_20Power by halfbakery.com. In search of the giant Drinking Bird!
List of Drinking Bird References	www.borderschess.org/dbreferences.htm Compiled from various web sites

Free_Energy Yahoo Group	groups.yahoo.com/group/Free_Energy/ Skeptical forum for perpetual motion/over-unity and paranormal topics.
Maxwells_Demon Yahoo Group	groups.yahoo.com/group/Maxwells_Demon/ Proposals for violation of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics.
MintoWheel Yahoo Group	groups.yahoo.com/group/MintoWheel/ Proposals for implementation of Minto Wheel/Drinking Bird and related heat engines.
HotAirEngineSociety Yahoo Group	groups.yahoo.com/group/HotAirEngineSociety/ Promoting the design of practical robust Hot Air Engines with a low technology flavor.
All-Energy Yahoo Group	groups.yahoo.com/group/All-Energy/ Free discussion of all energy-related topics.

Mohammed Bah Abba's Pot-in-pot invention: Low-Tech Refrigerator	hinterlands.cc/index.php?showtopic=30 by Hinterlands.cc. Low-cost, low-tech evaporative refrigerator (could serve as cold source for heat engines). Works best at low humidity.
Wet and Dry Bulb	members.nuvox.net/~on.jwclymer/wet.html by Jeffrey Clymer. Wet-bulb temperature calculator.
Vapor Application Concepts	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/vappre.html#c5 by Hyperphysics.com. Detailed explanations of vapor pressure, evaporation, and boiling.

Coupled Harmonic Oscillators	www.mapleapps.com/categories/mathematics/desolving/html/coupl1.html Mathemaical description by Waterloo Maple Inc.
Coupled Harmonic Oscillators	home.steuber.com/sarah/Java/CHO/CHO.html Animation applet by Sarah J. Steuber, Steuber Web Services
Coupled Oscillators - Masses on Springs	www3.ltu.edu/~s_schneider/physlets/main/coupledosc.shtml Animation applet by Dr. Scott Schneider, Lawrence Technological University
Oscillators and Waves	electron4.phys.utk.edu/141/nov26/November%2026.htm Notes by Professor Marianne Breinig, University of Tennessee
What are Vibrational Modes Anyways?	astro.uwaterloo.ca/~ssseahra/physics/vibrate/vibrate2.html Notes by Professor Sanjeev Seahra, University of Waterloo

A Heat Transfer Textbook, 3rd edition	web.mit.edu/lienhard/www/download-ahtt.shtml Copyright © 2000-2004 by John H. Lienhard IV and John H. Lienhard V. Free download of the entire textbook.
One-way Street Planned for Heat	www.nature.com/nsu/020304/020304-2.html Summary from Nature web site: Physicists design material that conducts one way and insulates the other.

Kelvin water dropper	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin%27s_thunderstorm Wikipedia
Kelvin's Thunderstorm	amasci.com/emotor/kelvin.html amasci.com/emotor/ikelv.html Bill Beaty, 1995
Kelvin's Thunderstorm	www.SparkMuseum.com/STATIC_MISC.HTM Spark Museum
Kelvin's Thunderstorm! Create Lightning Inside Your House!	www.MetaCafe.com/watch/795790/kelvins_thunderstorm_create_lightning_inside_your_house/ label
Inline Kelvin's Thunderstorm device	carnot.physics.buffalo.edu/archives/1996/08_1996/msg00027.html William J. Beaty

Maxwell's Demon	www.auburn.edu/~smith01/notes/maxdem.htm An imaginary creature that the mathematician James Clerk Maxwell created to contradict the second law of thermodynamics.
Physics News Update Number 461: Maxwell's Demon Made of Sand	www.aip.org/enews/physnews/1999/split/pnu461-2.htm American Institute of Physics Bulletin, December 10, 1999.
Maxwell's Demon Animation	ajs.net/maxwell.htm Try to separate the fast and slow molecules to make one side of the room warmer than the other
Maxwellian Demon	www.maxwellian.demon.co.uk "A new site that will be focusing on the interface between physics and information theory."
Maxwell, James (1831-1879)	scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Maxwell.html Biography provided by Wolfram Research.
New Approaches in Mathematical Biology: Information Theory and Molecular Machines	www.lecb.ncifcrf.gov/~toms/paper/trieste1996/latex/paper.html by Thomas D. Schneider, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Laboratory of Mathematical Biology, Frederick, MD
Is Information Physical? - Maxwell's Demon and Szilard`s Engine	www.pha.jhu.edu/~xerver/seminar2/node3.html by Yousin Park, John Hopkins University, 1998.
Maxwell's Demon and the Thermodynamics of Computation	philsci-archive.pitt.edu/documents/disk0/00/00/02/30/ by Jeffrey Bub, Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, 2000.
Sequence Logos, Machine/Channel Capacity, Maxwell's Demon, and Molecular Computers: A Review of the Theory of Molecular Machines	www.lecb.ncifcrf.gov/~toms/paper/nano2/latex/index.html by Thomas D. Schneider, Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biology, National Institute of Health, Maryland, 2000.

Minto Wheel	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minto_wheel Wikipedia
Helios Project	www.YouTube.com/watch?v=-fUlKBH1sY8 YouTube video of Mark Chandler's prototype heat engine -- an independently developed version of the Minto Wheel.
Helios Project, continued	www.YouTube.com/watch?v=bs_OtCsDJoY YouTube video of Mark Chandler's latest prototype.
Details for the Minto Wonder Wheel	www.keelynet.com/minto/minto2.htm by Wallace Minto (archived on KeelyNet)
The Temperature Web of Wally Minto	geoffreyegel.tripod.com/tempw.htm Front cover of Wallace Minto's booklet?
Wally Minto's Wonder Wheel	www.amasci.com/freenrg/minto.html by E. F. Lindsley, Popular Science, March 1976
Is this the "breakthrough" solar engine we've all been looking for?	www.motherearthnews.com/menarch/archive/issues/038/038-096-01.htm Mother Earth, March/April 1976, No. 38. Basic explanation of Minto Wheel.
The Mother Earth News Issue 38, March 1976, and Issue 39, May 1976	my.voyager.net/~jrrandall/MintoWheel.html Mother Earth magazine builds and tests a 22 foot Minto Wheel!
Minto Wheel Calculations	MintoWheelCalculationUpdate.pdf by Terry Tharp. Analysis of heat transfer in the original Minto Wheel design.
Wheel Physics 201	tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/MintoWheel/files/Calculations/ by Mark Chandler. Insightful analysis of the Minto Wheel heat engine. To download this Microsoft WORD document, click on "Wheel physics 201.doc" towards the bottom of the list
Studies of the Minto Engine for Solar Energy Conversion	www.chem.uwa.edu.au/research/groups/TerryQuickenden/kgt.html by Kean Guan Teoh, University of Western Australia
Randy's Kits and Plans	www.bright.net/~burmeis/ "Engineering project plans and kits"
Solar Ferris Wheel and Rocker Toy	http://www.genuineideas.com/hall_of_inventions/Inventions_to_license/Solar_Ferris_Wheel/solar_ferris_wheel.html by Greg Blonder
Alternative Energy Production For Suburban Houses	www.researchpb.com/energygen.htm by ResearchPB, Inc., San Diego, CA
Alternative Energy for Generating Electricity	www.geocities.com/vikrantsuri3/projreport.html by Vikrant Suri, Chandigarh, India
Project Kits & Model Plans Home Page	www.watchtv.net/~rburmeister/Randys%20Mintos%20Wheel.html by Randy Burmeister. Working model advertised for sale, but is it still available?
Wonder Wheel	www.bagelhole.org/article.php/Energy/269/%20 by Bagelhole.com. Basic info
Alternative Energy for Generating Electricity	www.geocities.com/vikrantsuri3/projreport.html by Vikrant Suri, Chandigarh, India. Drinking-Bird type heat engine. Very long description is very long (skip to the last few image files to see device).
Energy , Energy , Energy , Energy , Energy	www.greenspun.com/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg.tcl?msg_id=004Dr9 by Vikrant Suri, Chandigarh, India. Shorter description.
Wally Minto Wonder Wheel	www.fieldlines.com/story/2004/1/16/162517/492 Otherpower.com Discussion Board. Negative comments.
Re: Mentos Wheel	www.scienceagogo.com/message_board/messages/6522.shtml by Mike Kremer. Short description of basic principle. His spelling mistake.
Sulltek Earthship	www.sulltek.com/earthship/systems.html (not reviewed)
Liebesthermometer (Love Thermometer)	www.wundersamessammelsurium.de/ Warmes/Liebesthermometer/ German language, interesting graphics, Minto Wheels, and Drinking Birds
Calculation of the Maximum Practical Height for a Minto Wheel or Drinking Bird	www.borderschess.org/heightcalc.htm by Leo Cabana. A predictive equation derived from simple physics.
Calculation of the Maximum Practical Height for a Minto Wheel or Drinking Bird	www.borderschess.org/heightcalc2.htm by Leo Cabana. Force-Based Calculation
More on Calculation of Maximum Minto Wheel/ Drinking Bird Heights	www.borderschess.org/moreheightcalc.htm by Leo Cabana. More on the specific predictions of this model.

smalltimes	www.smalltimes.com "big news in small tech"
Nanotechnology Now	nanotech-now.com "Nanotechnology Portal, with basics, news, and information"
Nanodot	www.foresight.org/nanodot/ .
NanoScout	ww.nanoscout.de .
nanotechweb.org	www.nanotechweb.org .
EurekaAlert! Nanotechnology Portal	www.eurekalert.org/context.php?context=nano .
New Scientist: Nanotechnolgy Report	www.newscientist.com/channel/mech-tech/nanotechnology .
Technology Review: Nanotechnolgy	www.technologyreview.com/topics/nan.asp .
Scientific American: Nanotechnology	www.sciam.com/nanotech/ .
American Chemical Society: News	www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/newscenter.html .
National Nanothechnology Initiative	www.nano.gov .
National Science Foundation: News	www.nsf.gov/news/ .
Argonne National Lab	www.techtransfer.anl.gov/techtour/nanomagnetism.html .
Sandia National Lab	www.sandia.gov/mission/index.html .
NASA: Nanotechnology News	search.nasa.gov/nasasearch/search/search.jsp?nasaInclude=nanotechnology .
Deptartment of Energy: Basic Energy Science	www.er.doe.gov/production/bes/NNI.htm .
National Institute of Standards and Technolgy	www.nist.gov/public_affairs/nanotech.htm .

NDC Nitinol Devices and Components	www.nitinol.com "NDC is a leading supplier of Nitinol materials (wire, tube, sheet, strip, and bar) and components to the medical and commercial industries worldwide."
NiTi Smart Sheets	www.sma-inc.com/information.html "NiTi Smart Sheets(sm) are short, technical briefs explaining various aspects of NiTi materials and their applications."
Basics: the Shape Memory Effect	www.memory-metalle.de/basics.html Memory-Metalle GmbH, Weil am Rhein, Germany
Nitinol - Shaped Memory Alloy	http://www.imagesco.com/articles/nitinol/01.html Images SI Inc., Staten Island, New York

U.S. Patent Office	www.uspto.gov Enter the patent number to obtain the full patent reports at no cost.
US3750393: PRIME MOVER SYSTEM	www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03750393__ Minto, Wallace L.; Sarasota, FL 33577; Keller, Leonard J.; Sarasota, FL 33580
US4134264: Double bubble wheel engine	www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04134264__ Baer, Stephen C.; Corrales, NM 87048
US4195481: Power plant	www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04195481__ Gregory, Alvin L.; Sacramento, CA 95819
US3901033: Vapor pressurized hydrostatic drive	www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03901033__ McAlister, Roy E.; Phoenix, AZ 85108
US3636706: HEAT-TO-POWER CONVERSION METHOD AND APPARATUS	www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03636706__ Minto, Wallace L.; Sarasota, FL; Kinetics Corporation, Sarasota, FL
US3608311: ENGINE	www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03608311__ JOHN F. ROESEL JR.
US4291755: Method and apparatus for accumulating, storing and releasing thermal energy	www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04291755__ Minto, Wallace L.; Sun Power Systems Inc., Sarasota, FL
US4403643: Method and apparatus for accumulating, storing and releasing thermal energy	www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04403643__ Minto, Wallace L.; Sun Power Systems Inc., Sarasota, FL
Neat Patents	www.redrok.com/neat.htm Mentions many interesting energy-related technologies.

London Science Museum	www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/treasure/objects/1920-410.asp The radiometer was devised by William Crookes in 1875.
Radiometer	lecture.lite.msu.edu/~mmp/kap24/Radiometer.htm The radiometer is a popular physics toy.
Howstuffworks	www.howstuffworks.com/question239.htm "How does a crookes's radiometer work?"
Radiometer	www.physics.isu.edu/physdemos/thermo/radiomtr.html Short explanation of a Crooke's radiometer works.
Edmund Scientifics	www.scientificsonline.com/Products/DisplayProduct.cfm?productid=1484 Plain Glass Radiometer: stock number CR30600-82, price $8.95. "A wonderful introduction to the study of thermodynamics."
Sundance Solar	store.sundancesolar.com/solrad.html Solar Radiometer: stock number 500-10051-00, price $9.95

EurekAlert	www.eurekalert.org the latest science, medicine, and technology news
American Institute of Physics	www.aip.org .
Nature	www.nature.com
Science	www.sciencemag.org highlights from the journal
New Scientist	www.newscientist.com
Scientific American	www.sciam.com online supplement to the magazine
Popular Science	www.popsci.com online supplement to the magazine
Discover	www.discover.com
Science Daily	www.sciencedaily.com daily round-up of science research news
Science News	www.sciencenews.org online supplement to the weekly newsletter
Science Now	www.sciencenow.org online supplement to the journal Science
ScienceWeek	scienceweek.com "a weekly email digest of the news of science"
WIRED News	www.wired.com/wired online supplement to the magazine WIRED

Beads of Doubt	news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_2135000/2135779.stm Summary from BBC web site: "One of the most important principles of physics, that disorder, or entropy, always increases, has been shown to be untrue."
Second Law Broken	www.nature.com/nsu/020722/020722-2.html Nature magazine science update
Realization of Maxwell's Hypothesis: an Experiment against the Second Law of Thermodynamics	arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0311/0311104.pdf by X. Y. Fu and D. T. Fu, Shanghai, China, November 2003. Rectification of thermal electrons.
Extraction of Work from a Single Heat Bath	arxiv.org/PS_cache/physics/pdf/0412/0412012.pdf by A. A. Khan and M. S. Ansari, Islamabad, Pakistan, December 2004. "Diffusion engine" type device.
Another Way to Realize Maxwell's Demon	arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0509/0509111.pdf by X. Y. Fu and D. T. Fu, Shanghai, China, September 2005. More on Fu's approach to rectification of thermal electrons.
Rectification of Johnson Noise	aemcomp.googlepages.com/science

American Stirling Company	www.stirlingengine.com "Beautiful Stirling engines and kits"
"RotaColaSola, a Rotary Fluidyne Stirling Engine"	www.rotarystirlingengines.com/rotacola.htm RotaryStirlingEngines.com. Similar to a minto Wheel, but relies on gas expansion/contraction instead of liquid evaporation/condensation.

First law of thermodynamics	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics Wikipedia
Second law of thermodynamics	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_law_of_thermodynamics#Microscopic_systems Wikipedia
Second Law of Thermodynamics	HyperPhysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/seclaw.html HyperPhysics
Entropy	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy Wikipedia
Chapter 17: Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy	chem.nthu.edu.tw/faculty/sdhuang/Chapter/Chapter_17.ppt General Chemistry 4th Ed., Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, and Perry (2.2 MB Powerpoint document)
All About Entropy, the Laws of Thermodynamics, and Order from Disorder	EntropyLaw.com
Second Law: Thermodynamics - Law Of Increased Entropy	www.AllAboutScience.org/second-law-of-thermodynamics.htm All About Science
The First and Second Law	users.durge.org/~edwin/songs/firstandsecond.html Lyrics from the Flanders' and Swann's famous song about the 1st and 2nd laws.

Power Chips	www.powerchips.gi
Cool Chips	www.coolchips.gi

Hydroelectric Miniturbines	savoiapower.8k.com/mhydro.html by SavoiaPower.com. Output of smallest model is 800 W.
Micro Hydro Turbines	www.ette.no/hydro/micrhtur.htm Gunnar Ettestøl, ETTE Elektro, Environmental Turbine Technology development program, Vegårshei, Norway.
ES&D LH1000 Ultra-Low Head Turbine	http://www.absak.com/catalog/product_info.php/cPath/33_89_91/products_id/705 ABS Alaskan, Inc. and Anchorage subsidiary, Alaska Battery Mfg. Generate 200 W from just a 2 foot drop.
The Stream Engine, LH1000	www.microhydropower.com by Energy Systems & Design. Operates on 6-10 foot drop.
Flow Switch 100 Series	www.proteusind.com/100/100_flow1.html Proteus Industries Inc., Mountain View, California. Functions as a flow rate monitor by generating electric current.
Electrical Generator - AC or DC	www.sciencejoywagon.com/physicszone/lesson/otherpub/wfendt/generatorengl.htm by Walter Fendt, 1998. Interactive simulator.
Hand Crank Electrical Generator	http://scientificsonline.com/product.asp_Q_pn_E_3038029 Edmund Scientifics. 3-watt DC manual generator in a clear plastic case.

The variation of boiling point with pressure	www.ch.cam.ac.uk/magnus/boil.html Boiling point vs pressure calculator. J. M. Goodman, P. D. Kirby, and L. O. Haustedt; Tetrahedron Letters 2000, 41, 9879-9882.
Vapor Pressure	www.pump.net/liquiddata/vaporpressure.htm by Pump.net. Excellent collection of vapor pressure vs temperature data for various liquids.
Vapor Pressure Curves for the Elements	www.veeco.com/learning/learning_vaporelements.asp by Veeco Instruments. vapor pressure vs temperature data for the less volatile elements (solids at room temperature).
Temperature Pressure Chart for CFCs	www.washerspecialties.com/Pressure%20Chart.htm by WasherSpecialties.com. Vapor pressure vs temperature data for CFCs, HFCs, and HCFCs.
Vapor Pressure Charts	www.atofinaopticoat.com/fluorochem/pdf/ELF-VPC.pdf by Atofina / Forane Refrigerants. Vapor pressure vs temperature data for various freons, including Freon 134a.
Dichloromethane Vapor Pressure vs Temperature	www.BordersChess.org/dichloromethane.pdf Data compiled by Leo Cabana
Freon-R11 Vapor Pressure vs Temperature	www.BordersChess.org/r11.pdf Data compiled by Leo Cabana
Freon-R12 Pressure vs Temperature	www.BordersChess.org/r12.pdf Data compiled by Leo Cabana